与μOR受体结合时，吗啡会以椭圆O 型结构与跨膜结构域的TM3、TM6 和 TM7 上的疏水残基相互作用。吗啡能完全激动μOR，抑制cAMP的形成，它不仅能引发G蛋白信号通路，还能诱导β-arrestin 招募［1］。

[1] Zhuang Y, H. Eric Xu, Xin Xie, Ming-Wei Wan, et al. Molecular recognition of morphine and fentanyl by the human μ-
opioid receptor. Cell. 2022 Nov
10;185(23):4361-4375.e19.

When binding to μOR receptor, morphine adopts an elliptical ‘‘O’’ configuration, interacting with hydrophobic residues from TM3, TM6, and TM7 of transmembrane domain. Morphene can fully activate μOR to inhibit the production of cAMP. It can not only activate G protein signaling pathways, but also induce β-arrestin recruitment [1].

[1] Zhuang Y, H. Eric Xu, Xin Xie, Ming-Wei Wan, et al. Molecular recognition of morphine and fentanyl by the human μ-
opioid receptor. Cell. 2022 Nov
10;185(23):4361-4375.e19.